New technology promises fast, accurate stroke diagnosis

stroke
Micrograph showing cortical pseudolaminar necrosis, a finding seen in strokes on medical imaging and at autopsy. H&E-LFB stain. Credit: Nephron/Wikipedia

Minutes count when treating stroke, but current diagnostics take as long as three hours, careful lab work, and skilled technicians to arrive at a conclusive diagnosis. Scientists at Cornell University's Baker Institute for Animal Health have developed a device that helps diagnose stroke in less than ten minutes using a drop of blood barely big enough to moisten your fingertip. Having demonstrated proof of principle, the technology could eventually be expanded and used in point-of-care testing devices to diagnose other conditions in humans and animals, including traumatic brain injury (concussion), some forms of dementia, and even some types of cancer and heart disease. The study appears in the journal PLOS ONE.

The study's lead author, author Roy Cohen, a Research Scientist at the Baker Institute, says the technology represents the successful pairing of two big goals in medical diagnostics—small size and simplicity—a combination that means testing could be carried out at a patient's bedside.

"Three quarters of suffer from - a blockage of a blood vessel in the brain. In those cases, time is of the essence, because there is a good drug available, but for a successful outcome it has to be given within three or four hours after the onset of symptoms," says Cohen. "By the time someone identifies the symptoms, gets to the hospital, and sits in the emergency room you don't have much time to obtain the full benefit of this drug." Enhancing the speed of diagnosis could save many people from suffering lasting effects of ischemic stroke, he says.

To diagnose stroke, a condition in which blood flow to an area of the brain is limited or cut off, the technology will one day detect several blood-borne biomarkers, molecules that appear in the blood when the stroke occurs. The technology uses enzymes attached to nanoparticles to detect the biomarker molecules and convert that detection into light. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this new approach, the researchers focused on the biomarker neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a substance found in higher concentrations in the blood of victims of stroke and other conditions. By measuring the amount of light produced from various samples, Cohen and his colleagues can determine the concentration of NSE in the sample. At each step of the way, the signal from the NSE is amplified, so even minute quantities give off enough light for detection.

The idea to tether the enzymes, says co-author Alex Travis, Associate Professor of Reproductive Biology at the Baker Institute for Animal Health, came from the hardworking enzymes tethered to the shafts of sperm tails. These sperm enzymes efficiently turn sugars into energy that powers the flagellum and moves the sperm along. The fact that they're attached to the sperm tail instead of floating around in solution enables the enzymes to efficiently pass the substrate along from point to point and get the most "bang for the buck" from a sugar molecule, according to Travis.

Going forward, Travis and his team will collaborate with a private company to develop the -detecting technique for clinical testing and eventually make it available for use in hospitals. But he's also excited to expand the system to diagnose other conditions.

"This system could be tailored to detect multiple biomarkers," says Travis. "That's the strength of the technique. You could assemble a microfluidic card based on this technology that could detect ten biomarkers in different wells, and the readout would be the same for each one: light." Using the same detection system for multiple different biomarkers would make for a simple system in a relatively small package, he says.

For now, Cohen says, they're experimenting with using the system to detect among mixed martial arts athletes. The early results of this work have been promising, he says, and he hopes to report on them soon.

Journal information: PLoS ONE
Provided by Cornell University
Citation: New technology promises fast, accurate stroke diagnosis (2015, November 25) retrieved 29 March 2024 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-11-technology-fast-accurate-diagnosis.html
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