Study finds analysis of many species required to better understand the brain

Study finds analysis of many species required to better understand the brain
A big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, flying in the University of MarylandÂ’s Auditory Neuroethology laboratory. Credit: Jessica Nelson, University of Maryland

To get a clear picture of how humans and other mammals form memories and find their way through their surroundings, neuroscientists must pay more attention to a broad range of animals rather than focus on a single model species, say two University of Maryland (UMD) researchers, Katrina MacLeod and Cynthia Moss. Their new comparative study of bats and rats reports differences between the species that suggest the need to revise models of spatial navigation.

In a paper appearing in the April 19, 2013 issue of Science, the UMD researchers and two colleagues at Boston University reported significant differences between rats' and bats' when certain cells were active in a part of the brain used in memory and navigation.

These cells behaved as expected in rats, which mostly move along surfaces. But in bats, which fly, the continuous brain rhythm did not appear, said Moss, a professor in Psychology and the Institute for Systems Research.

The finding suggests that even though rats, bats, humans and other mammals share a common of space in a part of the brain that has been linked to spatial information and memory, they may have different to create or interpret those maps, said MacLeod, an assistant research scientist in Biology.

"To understand brains, including ours, we really must study in a variety of animals," MacLeod said. "Common features across multiple species tell us 'Aha, this is important,' but differences can occur because of variances in the animals' ecology, behavior, or ."

The research team focused on a brain region that contains specialized "," so named because they form a hexagonal grid of activity related to the animal's location as it navigates through space. This brain region, the medial entorhinal cortex, sits next to the hippocampus, the place that, in humans, forms memories of events such as where a car is parked. The medial entorhinal cortex acts as a hub of neural networks for memory and navigation.

Grid cells were first noticed in rats navigating their environment, but recent work by Nachum Ulanovsky (Moss's former postdoctoral researcher at UMD) and his research team at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, Israel, has shown these cells exist in bats as well.

In rats, grid cells fire in a pattern called a theta wave when the animals spatially navigate. Theta waves are fairly low-frequency electrical oscillations that also have been observed at the cellular level in the medial . The prominence of theta waves in rats suggested they were important. As a result, neuroscientists, trying to understand the relationship between theta waves and grid cells, have developed models of the brain based on the assumption that theta waves are key to spatial navigation in mammals.

However, Moss said, "recordings from the brains of bats navigating in space contain a surprise, because the expected theta rhythms aren't continuously present as they are in the rodent."

The new Science study doubles down on the lack of theta in bats by reporting that theta rhythms also are not present at the cellular level. "The bat neurons don't 'ring' the way the rat neurons do," says MacLeod. "This raises a lots of questions as to whether theta rhythms are actually doing what the theory proposes in rats or even humans."

The article is titled "Bat and Rat Neurons Differ in Theta-Frequency Resonance Despite Similar Coding of Space."

More information: www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6130/363.abstract

Journal information: Science
Citation: Study finds analysis of many species required to better understand the brain (2013, April 29) retrieved 28 March 2024 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-04-analysis-species-required-brain.html
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