Understanding immune reaction to the hepatitis B virus

Understanding immune reaction to the hepatitis B virus
(A) Infection and tissue sampling timeline. (B & C) Heatmaps of all genes expressed in the liver after HBV infection as assessed by a next-generation sequencer. Upregulated genes are shown in C-left, downregulated genes in C-center, and unchanged genes are shown in C-right.Image adapted from Kouwaki et al. (DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00335). Credit: Professor Hiroyuki Oshiumi

A collaboration of researchers from Japan and Malaysia has further clarified the immune response to hepatitis B virus through in vivo experimentation.

The system in mammals defends against infection from viruses and other microbial infections. Unfortunately, the human to the hepatitis B (HBV) is not yet fully understood. Without vaccination, hepatitis B causes both acute and chronic infections of the liver, and can lead to the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer. To gain a deeper understanding of how the reacts to HBV, researchers from several institutions in Japan and Malaysia led by Professor Hiroyuki Oshiumi of Kumamoto University performed in vivo experiments on the tree shrew, a small mammal that is also prone to HBV infection.

Infection was successful in just over half (55%) of the animals injected with the virus suggesting that a large portion of tree shrews have a natural immunity to HBV. The cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), which plays an important role in the activation and modulation of the immune system and in impeding the ability of a virus to replicate, was found early (1 day after infection) in the infected population. This is thought to be caused by the activation of hepatic natural killer (NK) cells in reaction to HBV infection. Further analysis added to the growing body of evidence supporting claims of antiviral actions of IFN-gamma on HBV by confirming that IFN-gamma prompts hepatocyte expression of the DDX60 gene. Expression of this gene causes the degeneration of HBV RNA.

Importantly, the researchers also found that extracellular vesicles (EV) are integral to the innate immune response to HBV . "We showed that EVs coming from HBV-infected hepatocytes carry viral nucleic acids which, in turn, stimulates the innate immune response against HBV," said Professor Oshiumi. "However, we also found that HBV can escape the immune response by increasing the immunosuppressive microRNA levels in exosomes. The increase of these microRNAs eventually results in a reduction of NK cell activation which allows HBV to easily proliferate."

The results of this research opens a new window into the to the hepatitis B virus and provides further insight into the molecular mechanisms involved. The full article can be found online in the open-access journal Frontiers in Immunology.

More information: Takahisa Kouwaki et al, Extracellular Vesicles Including Exosomes Regulate Innate Immune Responses to Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Frontiers in Immunology (2016). DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00335

Citation: Understanding immune reaction to the hepatitis B virus (2016, November 28) retrieved 28 March 2024 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-11-immune-reaction-hepatitis-virus.html
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