Parkinson's in a dish: Researchers reproduce brain oscillations
Abnormal oscillations in neurons that control movement, which likely cause the tremors that characterize Parkinson's disease, have long been reported in patients with the disease. Now, University at Buffalo researchers working with stem cells report that they have reproduced these oscillations in a petri dish, paving the way for much faster ways to screen for new treatments or even a cure for Parkinson's disease.
The paper is published online today (May 2) in Cell Reports.
"With this new finding, we can now generate in a dish the neuronal misfiring that is similar to what occurs in the brain of a Parkinson's patient," said Jian Feng, PhD, senior author on the paper and professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB. "A variety of studies and drug discovery efforts can be implemented on these human neurons to speed up the discovery of a cure for Parkinson's disease."
The work provides a useful platform for better understanding the molecular mechanisms at work in the disease, he added.
Rhythmic bursts
Abnormal brain oscillations first came to light decades ago when some Parkinson's patients began undergoing deep brain stimulation as treatment once their medications ceased to be effective. Neurosurgeons doing the procedure noticed rhythmic bursts of activity or oscillations among neurons in patients when they used electrodes to override brain activity in order to stimulate the brain.
"Our bodies move because there is coordination between the contracting and relaxing of our muscles," explained Feng. "It's all exquisitely timed within the brain structure called basal ganglia."
The rhythmic bursts of activity or oscillations that neurosurgeons saw in the brains of Parkinson's patients signaled that something in that system had broken down but exactly how wasn't clear.
Neuronal nonsense
Feng and his colleagues generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the skin cells of patients with mutations in the parkin gene. Years earlier, Feng's team had used the same technology to discover that these mutations cause Parkinson's disease by disrupting the actions of dopamine, which is necessary for normal physical movement. When there isn't enough dopamine, an imbalance in neurotransmission occurs, ultimately resulting in Parkinson's disease.
"What we found in our new research is pretty dramatic," he said. "When we recorded electrical activity in the neurons with parkin mutations, you could clearly see the oscillations."
The mutations induce a change in how neurons communicate, Feng said.
"Normally, communication between these neurons is not repetitive," he said, "but in this case, we suspect that the oscillation reduces the information content being transmitted. It's almost like stuttering, as though now the neuron can't understand the instructions for normal movement. All the neurons 'hear' is nonsense."
To make sure that the oscillations were caused by parkin mutations, the researchers then used a virus to rescue the mutations. With normal parkin back in the neuron, the oscillations disappeared.
Potential drugs
"This research gives us a very nice way to screen for drugs because the phenotype is very much like what is going on in the brain," Feng said. "Whatever blocks the oscillation in the dish could be a potential drug candidate." This idea led to discussions with Q-State Biosciences, a startup developed by Harvard University professors Adam E. Cohen, PhD, and Kevin Eggan, PhD, that focuses on stem cell and optogenetic technologies.
Feng noted that the UB research was extremely tedious. The neurons had to be cultured for more than 100 days and the medium needed to be changed every two days. Q-State Biosciences is interested in developing a high-throughput technique, which would be highly valuable to pharmaceutical companies that want to quickly screen potential drug candidates for Parkinson's disease.
