Immune cells the missing ingredient in new bladder cancer treatment

cancer
Killer T cells surround a cancer cell. Credit: NIH

New research offers a possible explanation for why a new type of cancer treatment hasn't been working as expected against bladder cancer.

The study finds that checkpoint immunotherapy, which is designed to activate the immune system, is not effective on some bladder cancers because there are no immune cells in the tumours. The finding explains what is happening at a cellular level to prevent the immune cells from getting into the tumour and points scientists in the right direction towards developing a combination therapy that could work.

"It's been a mystery for decades as to how tumours escape the immune system," said Mads Daugaard, an assistant professor of urologic science at UBC and a senior scientist at the Vancouver Prostate Centre and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI). "We've identified a that regulates whether the body's immune cells are allowed to infiltrate the tumour."

Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in Canada. There is only one line of chemotherapy available, cisplatin-based therapy, for invasive tumours. Once cancers become resistant, only checkpoint immunotherapy is approved as second-line treatment.

Atezolizumab is a checkpoint immunotherapy drug that strengthens the body's immune response and recently became the first new drug to be approved in more than twenty years. Initial results were very promising but subsequent clinical trials have shown that only one in five patients showed an objective response to treatment. The reason for that has puzzled researchers, until now.

In this study, Daugaard and his colleagues, Dr. Peter Black, an associate professor in urologic sciences at UBC and a senior scientist at the Vancouver Prostate Centre and VCHRI, and a team of scientists from H3 Biomedicine headed by Ping Zhu, found that some invasive bladder cancer tumours block the immune from accessing it by activating a cell signaling pathway called the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) pathway.

"With this pathway, the tumours close the door to the immune system," said Daugaard. "Without in the , checkpoint immunotherapy has little effect. Now we know what door the tumours are closing and we can therefore focus our efforts on breaking down that door and let the immune system back in."

Daugaard and his team have taken the first steps to develop a drug able to target the PPAR-γ . The rationale is to use such a drug in combination with immunotherapy treatment.

"The most efficient way to combat a would be to have the immune system take care of it itself. This is ultimately what we want to achieve," he said.

This research was published today in Nature Communications.

More information: Manav Korpal et al, Evasion of immunosurveillance by genomic alterations of PPARγ/RXRα in bladder cancer, Nature Communications (2017). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00147-w

Journal information: Nature Communications
Citation: Immune cells the missing ingredient in new bladder cancer treatment (2017, July 24) retrieved 29 March 2024 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-07-immune-cells-ingredient-bladder-cancer.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

Explore further

Drug created from malaria parasite shows promise as bladder cancer treatment

47 shares

Feedback to editors