Spying on the virus: Development to increase effectiveness of viral cancer therapy

Spying on the virus: Development to increase effectiveness of viral cancer therapy
Intravital microscope. Credit: © Pavel Melnikov, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU)

Scientists have learned how to observe the processes of oncolytic viruses in cancer cells in real time. For the first time ever, a group of scientists from NUST MISIS and the University of Calgary (Canada) has applied intravital microscopy to study the interaction of oncolytic viruses with both tumor cells and healthy cells. With the technology, researchers can visualize how the virus behaves in the tissues of a living organism. The research results have been published in international scientific journal Molecular Therapy Oncolytics.

Today, doctors typically treat cancer via radiation or chemotherapy. Therapy with an oncolytic virus—virotherapy or oncolytics—is a fairly new and promising method of cancer treatment based on the genetic engineering of special modified viruses that target and kill . Oncolytic viruses also stimulate anticancer immunity, which leads the tumor to destroy itself.

The immune system must destroy cancer cells immediately to prevent damage, but cancer cells have special biochemical tricks that allow them to bypass the immune system. That is why cancer sometimes doesn't appear until it's at a critical stage.

On the other hand, antiviral protection doesn't work well in due to a defect in the interferon system. As a result, oncolytic viruses can contribute to the death of malignant cells, and "attract the attention" of the immune system so that it finally detects the remaining cancer. The cancer cell, affected by the virus, releases signals to the immune system. Recognizing the tumor, the immune system directs killer T cells to fight it.

The arrows indicate examples of white blood cells connected with many viral particles, forming a «halo» around the cell surface. Credit: © NUST MISIS

Although this method is being studied in the U.S., Europe and China, it hasn't yet received mass application. This is largely due to a lack of understanding how these work. For the first time ever, an international team of scientists led by Victor Naumenko, a candidate of medical sciences and a researcher at the NUST MISIS Biomedical Nanomaterials Laboratory, has applied the modern method of intravital microscopy to study the delivery of the virus to a tumor to monitor the dynamics of the virus's spread and to simulate the immune system.

"We have developed a technique that allows us to monitor the virus in a living organism. We have conducted our experiments on the vesicular stomatitis virus, which is completely safe for humans, [as well as being] easy to genetically modify and easy to produce in large quantities. At the same time, most tumor lines are sensitive to this virus. The can be marked with dyes that preserve its biological activity and provide visualization in animal tissues through single- and two-photon microscopy," said Victor Naumenko.

Microscopy of monocytes, capturing the virus (in blue) in tumor vessels. The arrow points to several localized virus particles on the cell surface. Credit: © NUST MISIS

Modern microscopic research is mostly about studies of dead tissues and cell samples. However, the intravital microscope allows researchers to observe the processes in living tissues and organs in real time, while the examined animal is under anesthesia, and the high resolution allows them to see individual cells and track their interactions.

Researchers have managed to visualize the dynamic interactions between the virus and the body's cells in the blood, tumors, and internal organs of living mice in an "online" mode.

"The method has a sufficient resolution to monitor the in vivo capture and transfer of viral particles by leukocytes, the spread of the infection site in tumors, and the activation of immune processes in the spleen and lymph nodes. We believe that this technology is a powerful new tool for studying and optimizating virotherapy," Naumenko declared.

More information: Victor Naumenko et al, Visualizing Oncolytic Virus-Host Interactions in Live Mice Using Intravital Microscopy, Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics (2018). DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.06.001

Provided by National University of Science and Technology MISIS
Citation: Spying on the virus: Development to increase effectiveness of viral cancer therapy (2018, September 10) retrieved 28 March 2024 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-09-spying-virus-effectiveness-viral-cancer.html
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