Cancer growth in the body could originate from a single cell – targeting it could revolutionise treatment

Cancer growth in the body could originate from a single cell – targeting it could revolutionise treatment
Credit: AI-generated image (disclaimer)

Cancer remains a frightening and largely incurable disease. The toxic side effects of chemotherapy and radiation make the cure often seem as bad as the ailment, and there is also the threat of recurrence and tumour spread.

Cancer treatment still follows a practically medieval method of cut, burn or poison. If the growth can't be cut out through surgery, it may be burnt away with radiation or poisoned by chemotherapy. As a result, therapy remains a daunting diagnosis for patients and seem limited for a disease which causes one in six deaths globally.

The failure to innovate in may lie in the very poor success rate of clinical trials. Approximately 95%-98% of new anti-cancer drugs actually fail phase III clinical trials, the phase in which new treatments are compared with existing therapy options. This is a staggering statistic. No other business could possibly survive with such an abysmal success rate.

Most drugs are made to target "bulk" , but not the root cause: the cancer stem cell. Cancer stem , also known as "tumour-initiating cells", are the only cells in the tumour that can make a new tumour. New therapies that specifically target and eradicate these cancer stem cells are needed to prevent tumours growing and spreading, but for that there needs to be more clarity around the target.

Cancer growth in the body could originate from a single cell – targeting it could revolutionise treatment
Credit: Ivan Samkov from Pexels

Our new research may have discovered such a target. We have identified and isolated cells within different cancerous growths which we call the "cell of origin". Our experiments on cancer cells derived from a human breast tumour found that stem cells – representing 0.2% of the cancer cell population – have special characteristics.

They generate vast amounts of energy and proliferate rapidly. We believe that they resemble the cancer cell of origin that has escaped senescence – the natural process of cell ageing and "death" which concludes a healthy cell life cycle. These are thought to be the first cancer cells which start the process of uncontrolled cell multiplication and cause tumours to form.

These cancer stem cells undergo anchorage-independent growth, also known as growth in suspension, without any tissue attachment. This is how metastasis occurs – spreading via the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. These features put them front and centre as a new target for anti-cancer therapy.

Cancer growth in the body could originate from a single cell – targeting it could revolutionise treatment
Credit: AI-generated image (disclaimer)

With astonishing luck, these energetic cancer stem cells are colour-coded which means they have a natural phosphorescent glow, making them easy to identify and target.

Now that we have found them and we know how they behave, it should be relatively simple to find drugs to target cancer stem cells. In our new paper we have already shown that they are easily targeted with a mitochondrial inhibitor or a cell cycle inhibitor such as Ribociclib, an FDA-approved in the US which would prevent their proliferation.

Ultimately, this means that if we focus on energetic cancer , we may be able to directly hit the . We might be able to turn cancer into a manageable chronic disease, like diabetes. We believe that we have arrived at the start of a new, more fruitful, road in . As a consequence, "big pharma" drug screening should actually focus on and their relevant targets.

Provided by The Conversation

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.The Conversation

Citation: Cancer growth in the body could originate from a single cell – targeting it could revolutionise treatment (2019, February 4) retrieved 29 March 2024 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-02-cancer-growth-body-cell-revolutionise.html
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