The unanticipated early origins of childhood brain cancer

The unanticipated early origins of childhood brain cancer
Graph-plot showing the relationship between 62,040 single cells isolated from the mouse cerebellum. Credit: Maria C. Vladoiu, Ibrahim El-Hamami and Laura K. Donovan.

Brain tumours are the leading cause of non-accidental death in children in Canada, but little is known about when these tumours form or how they develop. Researchers have recently identified the cells that are thought to give rise to certain brain tumours in children and discovered that these cells first appear in the embryonic stage of a mammal's development—far earlier than they had expected.

Their findings, published today in Nature, could lead the way to the discovery of better treatments to attack these lethal tumours.

"Progress in the development of more effective brain cancer treatments has been hampered in large part by the complex heterogeneity—or the variety of cells—within each tumour," says Dr. Michael Taylor, Paediatric Neurosurgeon and Senior Scientist in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) and co-lead of the study. "We recognized that new technologies could allow us to unravel some of this complexity, so we combined our expertise with McGill and OICR to approach this problem together."

Using mouse models, the research group investigated the different types of normal brain cells and how they developed at various timepoints in the cerebellum of the brain—the most common location for childhood brain tumours to appear. They mapped the lineages of over 30 types of cells and identified that would later transform into , also known as the cells of origin.

To pinpoint these specific cells, the group relied on sequencing technology, which allows researchers to look at more clearly than traditional sequencing methods.

In their investigation, the cells of origin were observed much earlier in fetal development than one would expect, says Taylor, who is also a Professor in the Departments of Surgery and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at the University of Toronto and Co-lead of OICR's Brain Cancer Translational Research Institute.

"Our data show that in some cases, these tumours arise from cell populations and events that would occur in humans at six weeks in utero," says Dr. Lincoln Stein, Head of Adaptive Oncology at OICR and co-lead of the study. "This means that the brain tumours may be starting long before they show in clinic, even before a woman may know she is pregnant."

"The brain is extraordinarily complex. These findings are not only important for better understanding but they will also allow us to learn more about these cells and how they work, in order to help children with neurodevelopmental delays. What we have accomplished as a team in this study brings hope for patients," adds Dr. Nada Jabado, Paediatric Hemato-Oncologist and Senior Scientist in the Child Health and Human Development Program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and co-lead of the study. Dr. Jabado is also a professor of Pediatrics and Human genetics at McGill University.

With this knowledge, researchers can now study the differences between the development of normal, healthy cells and the cells that will eventually give rise to cancerous .

More information: Childhood cerebellar tumours mirror conserved fetal transcriptional programs, Nature (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1158-7 , www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1158-7

Journal information: Nature
Citation: The unanticipated early origins of childhood brain cancer (2019, May 1) retrieved 29 March 2024 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-05-unanticipated-early-childhood-brain-cancer.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

Explore further

'Moving target' breast cancer cells revealed by new imaging technique

34 shares

Feedback to editors